Grammar Rules & Sound Changes

Explore the phonetic and grammatical rules that connect Indo-European languages

DW→D
DW Cluster Simplification
Phonetic

The PIE cluster *dw- simplifies to 'd' in Kurdish and some other IE languages.

Examples:

PIE *dwóh₁ (two) → Kurdish 'du/dû', Persian 'do'

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H₂→A
Laryngeal H₂ to A
Phonetic

The PIE laryngeal *h₂ typically colors adjacent vowels to 'a' in daughter languages.

Examples:

PIE *h₂ep- (water) → Kurdish 'av', Persian 'âb'

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PIE-PURE
Pure PIE Preservation
Phonetic

Words that have remained nearly identical to their Proto-Indo-European root across millennia, showing minimal phonetic change.

Examples:

Kurdish 'nû' (new) < PIE *néwos Kurdish 'du' (two) < PIE *dwóh₁

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P→B
P to B Shift
Phonetic

The PIE initial *p- becomes 'b' in Kurdish, while remaining 'p' in other Iranian languages and becoming 'f' in Germanic languages.

Examples:

PIE *ph₂tḗr → Kurdish 'bav' (father), Persian 'pedar', English 'father'

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Rule Types
Phonetic

Sound changes and pronunciation rules

Grammar

Grammatical transformations

Syntax

Sentence structure patterns

Morphology

Word formation and structure